Transient heat flow in a stratified medium     

Søren B. Nielsen  Niels Balling 《Tectonophysics》1985,121(1):1-10

The equation of heat conduction is solved for a horizontally stratified medium initially at constant temperature and subject to a step-function surface temperature change. The problem is solved by Laplace transformation and by applying a concept of further stratifications of the medium into unitary layers of constant ratio of thickness to the square root of thermal diffusivity. The solution takes the form of an infinite sum of complementary error functions, with coefficients given by recursion relations, is suitable for numerical applications and offers an attractive alternative to harmonic and quasi transient approaches in calculating the penetration of transient surface temperature variations into a layered medium. Use of the theorem of superposition yields a general expression for an arbitrary surface temperature function. The utility of the theory is illustrated by modelling examples of palaeoclimatically induced subsurface temperature and heat flow perturbations.  相似文献   

Palaeomagnetic distortion modelling and possible recovery by inversion     

Mads Faurschou Knudsen  Bo Holm Jacobsen Niels Abrahamsen 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2003,135(1):55-73

A robust finite-element technique is presented for computation of both the internal demagnetization effects and magnetic terrain effects in bodies with arbitrary shape and arbitrary susceptibility distribution. This method facilitates a flexible analysis of the palaeomagnetic deflection problem. Tests on geologically realistic settings of highly magnetic rocks demonstrate that deflections of several degrees may occur even for relatively simple two-dimensional models. Similarly, the magnetic intensity may well be biased by 5-15% by demagnetization effects. The present paper focuses on deflections and intensity variations inside the magnetized body, where we find a systematic shallowing of inclination for bodies with a horizontal elongation. Because the bodies sampled at a typical palaeomagnetic site will have a dominant direction of elongation, the magnetic deflection effect will tend to impose a systematic bias which doesn’t average out. An inversion-based procedure for elimination of the deflection effect is presented. It requires that the magnetic body is quite homogeneous and that its surface geometry is known, as may be the case for historical lava flows. Tests demonstrate that in order to recover both ambient palaeofield direction and the effective susceptibility at blocking temperature it is necessary to sample near strong topographic elements in the magnetic body. Since the surface geometry rarely is known it is proposed as an alternative to inversion that an effective susceptibility is assessed and a horizontal slab correction is applied for samples taken far from topographical features. When shape geometry is unknown and no correction applied, palaeomagnetic conclusions must take into account the possible bias from internal demagnetization and magnetic terrain effects.  相似文献   

New paleomagnetic pole and magnetostratigraphy of Faroe Islands flood volcanics, North Atlantic igneous province     

Peter Riisager  Janna Riisager  Niels AbrahamsenRegin Waagstein 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2002,201(2):261-276

A paleomagnetic sampling was carried out along four sections (altogether 86 lava flows, 548 samples) in the North Atlantic Igneous Province outcropping in Faroe Islands, Denmark. The four polarity zones in the 700-m-thick exposed part of the Faroes lower formation can be correlated with the geomagnetic polarity time scale as C26n-C25r-C25n-C24r. The seven lava flows erupted during C25n indicate a very low eruption rate in the upper part of the Faroes lower formation of ∼1/70 kyr. The Faroes middle and upper formations (composite thickness ∼2300 m) are all reversely magnetized corresponding to C24r. The eruption rate at the onset of middle formation volcanism was very high as evidenced by several thick lava sequences recording essentially spot readings of the paleomagnetic field. The shift in eruption rate between the Faroes lower and middle formations and evidence that onset of the Faroes middle formation volcanism took place in C24r are of particular importance, placing onset of middle formation volcanism in close temporal relation to North Atlantic continental break-up and the late Paleocene thermal maximum. After grouping flows recording the same field directions, we obtained 43 independent readings of the paleomagnetic field, yielding a paleomagnetic pole with coordinates 71.4°N, 154.7°E (A₉₅=6.0°, K=14, N=43); age 55-58 Ma. The pole is supported by a positive reversal test. Paleosecular variation, estimated as the angular standard deviation of the virtual geomagnetic pole distribution 21.7°+3.9°/−2.8°, is close to expected for the given age and paleolatitude. Our new Faroes paleomagnetic pole is statistically different from the majority of previously published poles from the British and Faroes igneous provinces, and we suggest that these older data should be used with care.  相似文献   

Electrical Monitoring of In Situ Chemical Oxidation by Permanganate     

Lisa Cavé  Niels Hartog  Tom Al  Beth Parker  K. Ulrich Mayer  Steven Cogswell 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2007,27(2):77-84

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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) export to a temperate estuary: seasonal variations and implications of land use   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Colin A. Stedmon  Stiig Markager  Morten Søndergaard  Torben Vang  Anker Laubel  Niels Henrik Borch  Anders Windelin 《Estuaries and Coasts》2006,29(3):388-400

Inputs of dissolved carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were assessed for an estuary and its catchment (Horsens, Denmark). Seasonal patterns in the concentrations of DOM in the freshwater supply to the estuary differed depending on the soil and drainage characteristics of the area. In streams draining more natural areas the, patterns observed were largely driven by seasonal temperature fluctuations. The material exported from agricultural areas was more variable and largely controlled by precipitation events. Positive exponential relationships were found between the nitrogen and phosphorus loading, and the percentage of catchment area used for agriculture. Colored DOM (CDOM) loading measurements were found to be a good predictor of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) loading across the different subcatchments, offering a rapid and inexpensive alternative of operationally monitoring DOC export. For all the dissolved nutrient inputs to the estuary, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved organic phosphorus dominated the loadings. Although 81% of the nitrogen annually supplied to the estuary was DIN, 83% of the nitrogen exported from the estuary was dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Results show that increasing the area of the catchment covered by forest and natural pastures would have a positive effect on the trophic status of the estuary, leading to a considerable decrease in the phosphorus loading and a shift in the nitrogen loading from DIN to DON. Such a change in land use would also increase the export of DOC and CDOM to the estuary having the potential to increase oxygen consumption and reduce the photic depth.  相似文献   

Geomagnetic variations recorded in Older (≫ 23 000 B.P.) and Younger Yoldia Clay (∼ 14 000 B.P.) at Nørre Lyngby, Denmark     

Niels Abrahamsen  Peter W. Readman 《Geophysical Journal International》1980,62(2):329-344

Summary. Detailed palaeomagnetic results from a rapidly deposited 12.5-m Younger Yoldia Clay sequence of age around 14 000 B.P. at the coast cliff at Nørre Lyngby (northern Jutland, Denmark) and a 2-m Older Yoldia Clay sequence of age somewhere between 23 000 and 40 000 B.P. are presented and discussed. The Younger Yoldia Clay spans some 1000–1500 yr and shows swings in inclination and declination of about that period, and also more rapid oscillations which are particularly marked in inclination, showing that rapid secular variations as have occurred during historic times were indeed also present back in time. There exist easterly declinations of 80° to 90° in the upper half of the Younger Yoldia Clay which cause the virtual geomagnetic pole to migrate clockwise to around 50° away from the rotation pole. This we name the 'Nørre Lyngby declination excursion'.
In the Older Yoldia Clay, as well as secular variations in both declination and inclination, significant low inclination values are found, confirming the existence of the recently named 'Rubjerg low inclination excursion', with the virtual geomagnetic pole moving first in a clockwise then in an anticlockwise sense at 40° to 60° away from the rotation pole.
It is therefore inferred that models for the Earth's geomagnetic field should involve at least local rapid eastward as well as westward 'drift' of the non-dipole field components at various times in the past.  相似文献   

A radiation compensated thermoelectric thermometer for use in crops     

Dr. Niels Rodskjer 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1975,23(1-2):111-126

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Author Index     

Edsko E. Havinga  Leen W. Horssen  Wolter Hoeve  Hans Wynberg  E. W. Meijer 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2002,282(1):359-359

Authors Index

Author Index  相似文献   

Mesozoic–Cenozoic multistage tectonic evolution of the Pamir: Detrital fission-track constraints from the Tajik Basin     

Lin Li  Yani Najman  Guillaume Dupont-Nivet  Mauricio Parra  Pierrick Roperch  Mustafa Kaya  Niels Meijer  Paul O'Sullivan  Gilby Jepson  Jovid Aminov 《Basin Research》2023,35(2):530-550

Knowledge of the tectonic history of the Pamir contributes to our understanding of both the evolution of collisional orogenic belts as well as factors controlling Central Asian aridification. It is, however, not easy to decipher the Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonics of the Pamir due to extensive Neogene deformation in an orogen that remains largely understudied. This study reports detrital apatite and zircon fission-track (FT) ages from both the eastern Tajik Basin sedimentary rocks and Pamir modern river sands. These FT data, supported by vitrinite reflectance and zircon and apatite U–Pb double dating, suggest that the majority of the FT ages are unreset and record exhumation stages of the Pamir, which has served as the source terrane of the Tajik Basin since the Cretaceous. Furthermore, we combine the new data with a compilation of published detrital apatite and zircon FT data from both the Tajik Basin sedimentary rocks and Pamir modern river sands, to explore the Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic history of Pamir. Deconvolved FT Peak Ages document two major Mesozoic exhumation events associated with the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic Cimmerian orogeny that reflects accretion of the Pamir terranes, as well as the Early–early Late Cretaceous deformation associated with the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean beneath Pamir. The compiled data also show significant Late Eocene–Neogene exhumation associated with the ongoing formation of the Pamir, which peaks at ca. 36, 25, 14 and 7 Ma.  相似文献   

A Discrete Random Model Describing Bedrock Profile Abrasion     

András A. Sipos  Gábor Domokos  Andrew Wilson  Niels Hovius 《Mathematical Geosciences》2011,43(5):583-591

We use a simple, collision-based, discrete, random abrasion model to compute the profiles for the stoss faces in a bedrock abrasion process. The model is the discrete equivalent of the generalized version of a classical, collision based model of abrasion. Three control parameters (which describe the average size of the colliding objects, the expected direction of the impacts and the average volume removed from the body due to one collision) are sufficient for realistic predictions.  相似文献